The Effects Of Water Pollution On The Environment

There are many problems throughout the world, with there being starvation, war, struggles for oil.Imagine how bad these issues would be if they were in your neighborhood. The effects would be catastrophic but one major issue that most americans don t realize and have been spoiled to never being without is Clean Water. Water is a major concern all around the world but here in america we have rarely experienced any type of serious water shortages. Just because america has never had any problem such as lack of clean drinkable water doesn t mean it won t happen in the future. We are rapidly using all of our freshwater and with a fast growing population the effects can be seen by just looking at our Great Lakes and even at Hoover Dam. Water†¦show more content†¦Why is this a major a problem around the world today; Having access to reliable drinking source is not common in other countries, besides mainly in America the rest of the entire plant has some sort of water problem that b eing water shortages and/or water pollution. Water needs to become a major concern around the entire world. The focus is going towards the surface water because that is what can be visually seen everyday but groundwater is actually in more immediate chronic danger. The reserves of water aquifers hold are large so humans have been tapping them like there is no tomorrow. â€Å"Currently in America we are pumping out about 200 billion cubic metres (1 cubic metre=908 litres) more than can be recharged, steadily using up our water capital,†(Godrej). The water on Earth today is the same water that was on Earth billions of years before humans, during the age of the dinosaurs.Water can never be destroyed but the purity of freshwater is in danger; Every day that it rains the runoff of water collects fertilizers, pesticides, and other harmful chemicals that contaminate precious H2O that all flows back into america’s great lakes or aquifers. The current growing population produces factories and other waste producing human-made resources in order to compensate for the rapidly increasing population. There is talk about unclean, unsanitary, polluted, and undependable drinking water. People walking miles for a fewShow MoreRelatedWater Pollution And Its Effects On The Environment1408 Words   |  6 Pages Water pollution is caused by impurities in water eg, lakes,rivers, oceans and even drinking water. This contaminated water can be the result of many different types of pollution whether it is natural or man made pollutants that pollute the water. This can have a significant impact on the environment as a whole. Moreover there are a number of other related issues that can be attributed to water pollution such as death and diseases. Water pollution actually accounts for the deaths of approximatelyRead MoreThe Effects of Water Pollution on the Environment986 Words   |  4 Pages!! Water has come out with its new, outr ageously risque album, â€Å"Make Them Wet†. Their top singles, â€Å"toxicWASTE†, â€Å"I Got Fishes†, and â€Å"#fertilizer† are included on the album. This album has gotten negative reviews by the EPA, claiming that it causes eutrophication and affects the environment of its listeners, calling it â€Å"industrial waste†. However, Water has already sold 2 million copies of â€Å"Make Them Wet† worldwide, and has announced its next album, â€Å"Pollute Me, Baby†. Dirty, isn’t it? Water wasn’tRead MoreThe Effects Of Water Pollution On Environment And The Environment1450 Words   |  6 PagesPollution is defined as the contamination of air, water, or soil by substances that are harmful to living organisms. Excessive levels of pollution are causing a lot of damage to plants, and human and animal health, This is a major problem in the environment today; pollution effects are certainly prominent in todays world. Without realizing it we as humans contribute to the waste and contamination to both our bodies and the environment around us. In addition there are also many other causes toRead MoreThe Effects Of Water Pollution On The Environment Essay1270 Words   |  6 Pageskilled in the contaminated water. There is another man-made pollutant of water nowadays.  Waste water from factories or domestic places has flowed into waters, and as a result water pollution is getting more  serious. Water shortage is also on the rise,  but imagine a world where someone suffer from both  water shortage and water pollution. To prevent further pollution and to conserve the environment, it is crucial to  be aware of the  effects of water pollution. Water pollution incurs not only environmentalRead MoreWater Pollution And Its Effects On The Environment970 Words   |  4 PagesWater covers almost 75% of the earth’s surface and is undoubtedly our most precious natural resource that exists on our pla net today. There won’t be any living organism on our planet without water. Water Pollution occurs when a body of water is severely affected due to addition of large amount of materials to the water.[Missouri Botanical Garden] Pollutions such as sewage and fertilizers contain nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates. At high levels, nutrients can over stimulate the growthRead MoreWater Pollution and Its Effects on the Environment5759 Words   |  24 PagesWater Pollution and Its Effects on the Environment Water is probably the most important resource we as people have. Humans can survive without food for several weeks, but without water we would die in less than a week. On a slightly less dramatic note, millions of liters of water are needed every day worldwide for washing, irrigating crops, and cooling industrial processes, not to mention leisure industries such as swimming pools and water-sports centers. Despite our dependence on water, we useRead MoreThe Effects Of Water Pollution On The Environment1269 Words   |  6 PagesWater pollution is often impaired by anthropogenic contaminants that are classified into either a point source of pollution or nonpoint source of pollution. The introduction of harmful toxins in an aquatic food chain can result in high levels of contamination in fish, which can be harmful to humans who eat them. State and national agencies monitoring our waters is essential to understanding the effects of water degradation. Every state in the United States has developed standards for fish consumptionRead MoreWater Pollution And Its Effect On The Environment1846 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Water can be said to be â€Å"polluted†, on the introduction of harmful materials in such a way that its natural qualities are so transformed as to contaminated its usefulness. Alternatively, render it offensive to the sense of smell, sight or taste. Water pollution has many definitions. However, the essential elements of most definitions are the concentration of a particular pollutant in water for a sufficient period to cause a certain effect. If it related health such as the ones causedRead MoreWater Pollution And Its Effects On The Environment1323 Words   |  6 Pagesworld billions of people do not have access to the clean water they need. They either have to travel miles to get clean water or they have to settle for the unsafe water near them. Water is polluted daily by trash and waste chemicals. There is an island made from trash in the Pacific Ocean and each day it continues to grow. Communities of people die each year for drought, life that could otherwise be saved if only they had access to water. It is possible to stop all these deaths from occurring altogetherRead MoreWater Pollution And Its Effects On The Environment1556 Words   |  7 Pages You see a sewer or pipe line dumping wastewater or sewage into a river, lake, or ocean. Ask yourself this question: would you drink from that water source? You see a sea otter or a seal swimming in water that has been contaminated by oil from an oil spill. Ask yourself another question: would you live in these waters? You see what you know as acid rain directly pounding onto a stream, lake or river. Ask yourself a final question would you eat the vegetation or the fish that directly come into contact

Similarities Between Edgar Allen Poes Life and His...

Similarities Between Edgar Allen Poes Life and His Literary Works In Edgar Allan Poes lifetime and today, critics think that there are striking similarities between what Poe lived and what he wrote. His melancholy, often-depressing stories are thought to reflect his feelings. There is truth to this, although his entire life was not miserable. In fact, in some of his poems, the good characters are modeled after him. Edgar Allan Poes writing was affected by many things in his life, including his turbulent childhood, his poverty, and his many tragic losses. In Poes childhood, he had five parents. His original mother and father Elizabeth Arnold and David Poe ,Jr.; John Allan and Fanny Allan who took him in†¦show more content†¦He would often quote Cervantes or Shakespeare and add that he was envious of their literary genius. At the tender age of fifteen, someone offered to publish a book of his works. Allan would not allow it though, as he was afraid of Poes ego swelling. Poe strived to excel in everything he did, swimming, long jump, running, and writing. This will to succeed showed up in his work later in life when he wrote constantly to keep up with the demand for his stories. Poe eventually broke away from Allan as a result of an argument between Allan and his second wife with Poe taking the wifes side. He did briefly reconnect with Allan to get his recommendation for West Point. Poe eventually purposely failed our of West Point by missing classes and lost touch with his father all together.(18) These tumultuous times had great highs and lows which greatly affected Poes later writings. Another aspect of Poes life, which greatly affected his writing, was his poverty. Silverman agrees saying that, poverty was a consistent thread throughout his entire life (except his time with the Allans). In his early years, his mothers career as an actress often left them with little more than donations from people who pitied the fam ily.(10) Also, later in hisShow MoreRelated Edgar Allen Poe Essay1637 Words   |  7 PagesEdgar Allen Poe Edgar Allen Poes life was bombarded with misery, financial problems, and death but he still managed to become a world-renowned writer. Although he attended the most prestigious of schools he was often looked over as a writer and poet during his career. His stories were odd and misunderstood during their time. However, now they are loved a read by millions. On January 19, 1809 Edgar Allan Poe was born in Boston, Massachusetts at a lodging house. His parents David and ElizabethRead MoreHow Does Edgar Allan Poe Shape His Writing Style996 Words   |  4 Pages Edgar Allen Poe is a recognized American writer of short stories, poems, and a few books. He lived in the era of westward expansion, slavery laws beginning to become an issue, and most influential to Poe, Tuberculosis was a major issue. There was not yet a cure for people with TB, in fact, there wouldn’t be a known cure for another 100 years after his life. He lost many people during his life, his father left before Poe was 3 years old, his mother died from TB when Edgar was three. He was forcedRead MorePoe vs. Hawthorne: Dark But Not Necessarily Gothic Essay1544 Words   |  7 Pageseighteenth and early nineteenth century, a new literary genre sprung up, the Gothic story. In the United States, the most prominent exponent of Gothic fiction was Edgar Allen Poe, whose â€Å"horror† tales conjure up the dark side that many of us at least h alf-believe is hidden just beneath the surface of the most conventional lives. In this paper we will discuss the Gothic in light of two of Poe’s stories, â€Å"Ligeia†, and â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher,† and contrast Poe’s story with a somewhat dark tale of NathanielRead MoreAnalysis of Edgar Allen Poes The Tell-Tale Heart1428 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Edgar Allen Poes 1843 short story The Tell-Tale Heart is about a young man who becomes mortally obsessed with an old mans creepy eye and ultimately kills him. Thomas Hardys 1902 poem The Man He Killed is about a soldier who has become used to killing people just because they are on the other side of the war. Both of these narratives lend insight into guilt related to death, told by a person who is self-aware enough to tell the story in a first person narrative. Moreover, both of these storiesRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe s Father Of American Gothicism1178 Words   |  5 Pages Poe s father of American Gothicism Edgar Allan Poe was born in Boston, Massachusetts on January 19, 1809. His parents were actors. After he was born, his father abandoned him and his mother died before he was three. This left Edgar Allan Poe a foster child. Poe s father was an alcoholic and an insovent actor. Thus, Poe had a miserable life, starting with his childhood, he lost his parents since he was a little child, and I would say that affected his mind; he became focused on death, becauseRead MoreEssay on The Fall of the House of Usher by Edgar Allen Poe1628 Words   |  7 PagesThe Fall of the House of Usher by Edgar Allen Poe Symbols and imagery of horror and death in a story touch the reader like a fingertip against a chord and can make the heart resonate with fear and woe as the suspended lute with tone. The verbal illustration that is used in the opening phrase in Edgar Allen Poes The Fall of the House of Usher is as strong as the imagery of dismay utilized throughout the rest of the story, like the dark and gloomy house. The vivid colors and visuals in theRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado, By Edgar Allen Poe971 Words   |  4 Pagesmacabre† is a title that goes to a man by the name of Edgar Allen Poe. Poe was a gothic writer in the 19th century and has left us with amazing literary work that will be studied for centuries more to come. Such stories as â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† and â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† are classic examples of Poe’s dark and eerie work. Even though these two stories share similar elements they over all are quite different. With these work s, Edgar Allen Poe help establish the dark romantic era of the 19thRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado : William Shakespeare1450 Words   |  6 PagesThough masters of different genres, Edgar Allen Poe and William Shakespeare both embody this unique ability. One of Poe’s work in particular resembles the beauty and darkness that is found in Shakespeare’s tragedies. In the intriguing short story â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado,† two wealthy gentlemen from an Italian, wine-loving village go off to find a barrel of expensive medium-dry sherry to share amidst a happy carnival, and the stakes rise when one of the men betrays his friend, chaining and trapping himRead More Juxtaposing the Most Similar Contradiction in Edgar Allan Poes Work2077 Words   |  9 PagesThroughout all of Edgar Allan Poes works are common ideas that oppose each such as madness versus sanity, reality versus the imagined reality and life versus death. Usually these sentiments are taken as contrasti ng ideas with little similarities to each other, like black and white. However, many of these motifs are situated in the grey category. Poe uses the communal thought pathway to highlight its antithesis; the pathway of grey. With the new pathway, he emphasizes the similarities of the opposingRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe / Emily Dickinson3782 Words   |  16 PagesQuasheioh Dukes Professor Tony American Literature 4 March 2013 Romanticism is the only literary movement exhibits a wide variety of art, literature and intellect in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This movement has been a topic of ample disagreements over its defining ideologies and aesthetics. It can best be described as a large network of sometimes competing philosophies, agendas, and points of interest. In England, Romanticism had its greatest influence from the end of the eighteenth

Industries Was the Company Popularly Known †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Industries The Company Popularly? Answer: Introduction Sam Snapshot is the owner of Snapshot industries. The industry was popular for making kitchen ware and gardening tools. Sam Snapshot had 200 employees in its company and they were working from 25 years in the same company. All the employees were expert in their own work. Each employee was assigned an individual work that added the value to their work. After the death of Sam, Jim overtook the company. He expanded the company by acquiring other companies and hired 400 more employees. He created a competitive environment in the company which was not compatible for the older employees and older employees started resigning and taking retirement due to which some problem arose in the production unit of the company. Consultants said that this is the problem of knowledge management. Knowledge Management is the process that helps in the sharing, gathering, creating and retrieval of the knowledge whenever it is necessary. Link between case study and knowledge management According to the case study the Sam Snapshot was the founder of Snapshot. The Snapshot was making commercial products in kitchenwares and gardening tools. There were only 200 employee earlier. The employees were working in Snapshot for 25 years. Each employee was having an individual role in the company which proved that the company valued each employee that was working with it. After the death of Sam Snapshot the Jim who was the grandson of Sam took over the company. The Company saw a major change after his death. New manufacturing and services were started by Jim. The employees increased to 600. The output of single product increased and multiple teams are formed for a single product. This resulted in increase of competition and also competition was increased as the rewards were given to the those who resulted in maximum output. Older employees started resigning and new employees were hired. Resigning was due to the increased competition in the company. But after some time there wa s a big problem in the company, as the teams were not able to do the work. All the papers and documents that were related to the problems scanned but the papers were indecipherable. This resulted to hire a consultant. The consultant linked the problem with knowledge management. Knowledge management is the collection, creation and spreading the knowledge within the company boundaries. Therefore, knowledge management is the doing whatever is needed to extract the knowledge from the resources. When the problem in the company arose, they looked on to the papers for solving the problem. But, the papers were impossible to read. Also, the old employee knew the solution of the problem which also resigned due to the companys environment. This helps the consultants realizing the problem that there were no information sources left in the company thats why they linked the problem with knowledge management. Snapshot industries and types of knowledge Knowledge Knowledge is linked with data and information. Knowledge is acquired by an individual with the experience and time, which comes to individual from seeing the external and the internal environment behavior. Therefore, knowledge can be explained as the mixture of values, experience, information and expert views. In an organization the knowledge becomes the daily practice and is embedded in the organization (Robertson, 2017). Specific type of knowledge Specific type of knowledge is the knowledge that is possessed by the limited numbers of persons in the organization. It is the knowledge related to a specific technical task or a deep knowledge regarding the specific area. This kind of knowledge requires a specific technical training or an experience to possess this knowledge. Therefore a specific knowledge pertains to a company that have different units with a specific number of tasks. The Snapshot has the specific kind of knowledge in it. It has the employees that do their individual work and do not interfere in others work. The employees were working there from last 25 years that why they were well experienced in their work and were experts in their tasks (Baqir, 2004). Strategic knowledge and its elements Strategic knowledge is the knowledge that is used to gain competitive advantage. The strategies are prepared in this highly competitive world so that advantage can be gained out for the success of the company. This type of knowledge gives an organization a long term advantage. This advantage is useful in the success of the company (Sarawanawong, 2009). A comprehensive knowledge regarding the process, production and management are the basic elements of strategic knowledge. The process indicates how the work is done in the company. It is related with the how the one to one process is one and initiated. Production is the main part where the products are formed. There are various processes in between the production of the desired product and the third element is management how to manage the working, how to deliver the product and how to make profit is the main work of the management team. Therefore, these are the main elements of strategic knowledge (Hariharan, 2015). Resignation and retirement as a problem In Snapshot the resignations and retirements occurred due to the competitive environment that was created by Jim in the company. The older employees that were about 25 years old were not compatible with the competitive environment. These employees were working in the Snapshot and each was assigned an individual work. After 25 years they were experts in their work. They know well how to solve any problem during the process. But after the competitive environment they started leaving the job. This was noted as a problem for the organization as there were no records available regarding the working process of each employee. The records were not maintained electronically. There were some records on paper which were not in a position to read. Therefore, no written records of the process and no experts that were left in the company created the problems in the working process of Snapshot. Even no new employee knew how to tackle the problem that arose during the work. Therefore, this made the problem more complex. And the experts who were working and found no time to explain the process as some of them were busy at their own work and some were not able to explain (Ranjan Khalil, 2007). Therefore, after their resignations the company work was affected due to which the cost of the product was increased and the production was low. These problems were created due to the resignations and retirements. Solution to the problem The problem was created due to the retirements and resignations. Firstly the solution to this problem was to respect each and every employee of the company. As they are the assets to the company. Only the employee knows the information and knowledge about the company. Therefore, talented employees performance should be regarded and appraisal and some additional benefits must be given to them so they do not resign. As due to the resignations and retirements, the company should also value the information the person has. Secondly the company should implement knowledge management (Bhattacharya Chaudhury, 2004). This will help the company to preserve the important information and knowledge regarding the companys process of working. It will also help the company realize the real assets of the company. This will help in a way that if some expert leaves the company or resigns, the work does not get affected. Also, knowledge management helps in the learning process of each employee. It will help in the training programs for each employee by which each employee sees his or her growth. This will lead to the employee satisfaction. Also, knowledge management will help in the growth of the company as an employee growth directly relates to the companys growth. Also, effectiveness, efficiency can be increased by incorporating knowledge management (Idayu, 2011). Consultants concern over leadership Consultants were concerned over the leadership because the leader is the main person who gives his vision for the successful running of the company. The leaders make decisions regarding any problem and help in finding the solution to that problem. Effective decision by the leader can help in solving the problem efficiently. Leaders also influence the employee behavior in several ways. A good leader knows how to make his or her employee satisfied and know the real value of his employee (Ward, 2017). Also, the leader does the work of motivation and guiding of the employee. Consultants were concerned over leader behavior as due to the new leader of the organization that is Jim, he was not able to handle the situation of retirements and resignations. Also, the work in production was affected due to these resignations. He was not able to motivate or guide any of the employees. Old as well as new employees was resigning due to the environment of the company. Leaders should listen to the employees and help them to share their vision with another employee. But Jim has created such an environment so that there was no communication between the employees. Therefore, no communication between the employees lead to the communication gap and there was no transfer of knowledge between the employees of the company. After evaluating this, consultants were concerned about the leadership. Effects of Jims leadership Earlier, the work was not done in the competitive manner. Each individual earlier was assigned a different work to do. Each employee was an expert in his or her work. But after Jim undertook the business, different teams were performing the similar work which increased the output of a single product. This also resulted in the increase in the competition level in the organization. Due to the increase in the competition level the stress on the employees was increased which resulted in the mis-happenings. Some employees that were working from a lot of time, resigned due to increase in the stress level (Hovland, 2003). Also, a new way of centralized system was installed in the company by which the employee has to submit their working times, their leaves and their supervisory records online. This also stressed the older employees as they were not compatible with the computer systems and were doing all the things manually on paper. This made them to learn even they did not know how to use the mouse. Therefore, these things stressed out the employees. Jim hired new employees, but they also resigned as they say that the product working information was not revealed to them. This made them to think about their growth in the company (Agrawal, 2013). Therefore, the new employees also resigned and did not see the compatibility between the old employees and them. Therefore the effects of Jim leadership were as follows. Competitive working environment in the organization Working on electronic systems. Problems occurred during the production process Stress on employees Resignations and retirements of employees New hirings of the employees Increase in the cost of the product. Ways by which Jim could improve his practices Jim could improve his practices by giving value to his employee. He should know the employees are the assets of the organization. By making them feel special in the organization can add value to the employee. This helps in the effective and efficient working of the employee. By giving regard to the employee they consider the organization's importance. Each leader should know that the talented and expert employees are the real assets of the company. Neither the machinery or the tools are the assets of the company. Therefore, by giving importance to each employee the problem can be solved up to some extent (Wang Wang, 2008). Also a problem in the company arose due to the no information regarding the production process of the company. Therefore, the problem related to the transfer of the information should be solved and knowledge management should be implemented in a way that proper communication of the knowledge among the employees should be done (Dowling, et al., 2011). Knowledge management implication areas Knowledge management can be applied to the production, employees and processes. From the production point of view, knowledge management adds value to the products. This impact of added value comes from the knowledge. It helps in providing added value to the earlier products, and also help in the innovation of new products. Therefore, snapshot can create new products and can add value to the older products with the help of knowledge management. Secondly, knowledge management can be applied to the employees means employees have a greater impact of knowledge management (Jasimuddin, 2006). Knowledge management helps in the employees learning by providing training and through the transfer of information within the company from one employee to another. From this employee see the growth of knowledge in the company. Growth helps in the increase in the efficiency and effectiveness of the work of the employee through the employee satisfaction. Thirdly, the process of working has a greater impa ct of knowledge management. Effectiveness, efficiency and innovation can be developed with the help of knowledge management. The best decision helps in the effectiveness of the work. And better decision is taken with the help of proper knowledge. Also, process efficiency can be increased with the help of knowledge management. Efficiency can be increased by doing the work quickly and in low cost. Innovative work can be done with the help of knowledge management by applying good knowledge (Jalalimanesh, 2014). Therefore, in production the knowledge management adds value to the product. In employees, it helps in learning and growth and in the process, it helps in the increase of effectiveness, efficiency and innovation. Knowledge management as a strategy. Why? Knowledge management is the strategy for snapshot industries as the problem in the Snapshot arose due to the resign and retirements. Also, the problem arose due to the key persons are not there in the teams and the working in the production was having the problem. There were not any information regarding the problem solution. There were some information but that information was indecipherable. Also, the experts of the work which were older employees left the job. And due to excess of competition within the company the transfer of information from these older employees did not take place. Therefore, Jim found the problem panicking. Knowledge management was the strategy to solve the problem. Knowledge management helps in maintaining the information regarding the workflow and the processes (Omotayo, 2015). The information will be stored in a way that it can be transferred to each employee in the company and also it can be retrieved whenever needed. Therefore, this strategy can help in s olving the problem of Snapshot. Also, the strategy will help in making the effective and efficient work. Also, it helps in recognizing the real assets of the company that are the employees which are not valued later by the Snapshot when Jim took over the company. Knowledge management and Solution to the problem of Snapshot Yes, knowledge management can solve the problem to some extent. But not all the problems in the company can be solved with knowledge management. The company or the leader should realize the importance of the older staff and should realize that the employee are very important for the proper running of the company. Information and knowledge can be collected and gathered, but can only be implemented by the employees. So the employees should be valued by the company (Alavi Leidner, 2001). Problem in the snapshot industries arose due to the leaving of the older employees who were expert in their work. Theses employee was satisfied during the leadership of Sam Sanpshot. But, after Jim overtook the company he created pressure on the employees and they started leaving the company. Therefore, the problems arose at the production unit in the company. Information regarding the problems was searched but there was no information on the company. Therefore, knowledge management was not implemented in the company and therefore no transfer of information took place during earlier times. But, during earlier times each employee was assigned a different task which adds value to them. Therefore, the working was going in a proper manner. But, when Jim overtook the company the working scenario changed, but due to lack of knowledge transfer between the employees the problem arose. This can be solved with the help of knowledge management, which helps in the collection and retrieval of kno wledge whenever needed. Also, it helps the new employees to know regarding the working process of the company (Cummings, et al., 2013). Conclusion Therefore, it can be concluded that Snapshot industries should implement knowledge management in the company. It will help in the collection, storing and retrieval of the knowledge whenever it is necessary. Also, the Snapshot industries should realize the importance of the employees. This will help in the talent to stay in the company. Knowledge management will help snapshot to realize the real assets of the organization. Also, to make innovative products Knowledge management is useful. Effective and efficient work is also done with the help of knowledge management. Effective and efficient work will help in adding an advantage to the workflow. Also, it will help the company to gain competitive advantage which will help in companys overall growth. References Agrawal, S., 2013. Knowledge Management. International Journal of Advance Research in Computer Science and Management Studies, December, 1(7), pp. 1-6. Alavi, M. Leidner, D., 2001. Review: Knowledge Management and Knowledge Management Systems: Conceptual Foundations and Research Issues. Management Information Systems Research , 25(1), pp. 107-136. Baqir, M., 2004. Strategic Knowledge Management for Futuristic Organizations, Available at: https://protege.stanford.edu/conference/2004/posters/Baqir.pdf. Bhattacharya, P. Chaudhury, P., 2004. Knowledge Management and its Utilisation : an Overview,Available at: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/11887444.pdf Cummings, S., Regeer, B. Zweekhorst, M., 2013. Proposing a fifth generation of knowledge management for development: investigating convergence between knowledge management for development and transdisciplinary research. Knowledge Management for Development Journal, 9(2), pp. 10-36 . Dowling, B., Chambreuil, M., Muller, C. Vincent, C., 2011. Research Paper: Knowledge Management, Available at: https://www.chambreuil.com/public/education/5.2/432/Subject.pdf Hariharan, A., 2015. Creating a Strategic Knowledge Management Framework, Available at: https://www.qualitydigest.com/inside/quality-insider-column/082615-creating-strategic-knowledge-management-framework.html# Hovland, I., 2003. Knowledge Management and Organisational Learning: An International Development Perspective, Available at: https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/170.pdf Idayu, M., 2011. Introduction to Knowledge Management, Available at: https://www.slideshare.net/miera2209/introduction-to-knowledge-management-7904270?next_slideshow=1 Jalalimanesh, M., 2014. Mapping research trends in the field of knowledge management. Malaysian Journal of Library Information Science, 19(1), pp. 71-85. Jasimuddin, S., 2006. A holistic view of knowledge management strategy. Journal of knowledge management, 12(2), pp. 57-66. Omotayo, F., 2015. Knowledge Management as an important tool in Organisational Management: A Review of Literature, Available at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3330context=libphilprac Ranjan, J. Khalil, S., 2007. Application of knowledge management in management education: a conceptual framework. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, 3(3), pp. 1-11. Robertson, J., 2017. Developing a knowledge management strategy, Available at: https://www.steptwo.com.au/papers/kmc_kmstrategy/ Sarawanawong, J., 2009. Development of a Strategic Knowledge Management Model for Thai Universities, Available at: https://www.kc.tsukuba.ac.jp/assets/files/081209.pdf Wang, H. Wang, S., 2008. A knowledge management approach to data mining process for business intelligence, Available at: https://consensus.liu.se/cng/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/A-knowledge-management.pdf Ward, A., 2017. What is the strategic management of knowledge?, Available at: https://www.bcauditor.com/online/pubs/552/493

Ssks Essay Example

Ssks Essay Java Collection Interview Questions Q:| What is the Collections API? | A:| The Collections API is a set of classes and interfaces that support operations on collections of objects. | Q:| What is the List interface? | A:| The List interface provides support for ordered collections of objects. | Q:| What is the Vector class? | A:| The Vector class provides the capability to implement a growable array of objects. | Q:| What is an Iterator interface? | A:| The Iterator interface is used to step through the elements of a Collection  . | Q:| Which java. util classes and interfaces support event handling? A:| The EventObject class and the EventListener interface support event processing. | Q:| What is the GregorianCalendar class? | A:| The GregorianCalendar provides support for traditional Western calendars| Q:| What is the Locale class? | A:| The Locale class is used to tailor program output to the conventions of a particular geographic, political, or cultural region . |   | | | Q:| Wh at is the SimpleTimeZone class? | A:| The SimpleTimeZone class provides support for a Gregorian calendar . |   | | | Q:| What is the Map interface? | A:| The Map interface replaces the JDK 1. 1 Dictionary class and is used associate keys with values.   | | | Q:| What is the highest-level event class of the event-delegation model? | A:| The java. util. EventObject class is the highest-level class in the event-delegation class hierarchy. |   | | | Q:| What is the Collection interface? | A:| The Collection interface provides support for the implementation of a mathematical bag an unordered collection of objects that may contain duplicates. |   | | | Q:| What is the Set interface? | A:| The Set interface provides methods for accessing the elements of a finite mathematical set. Sets do not allow duplicate elements. |   | | | Q:| What is the typical use of Hashtable? | A:| Whenever a program wants to store a key value pair, one can use Hashtable. |   | | | Q:| I am trying to store an object using a key in a Hashtable. And some other object already exists in that location, then what will happen? The existing object will be overwritten? Or the new object will be stored elsewhere? | A:| The existing object will be overwritten and thus it will be lost. |   | | | Q:| What is the difference between the size and capacity of a Vector? | A:| The size is the number of elements actually stored in the vector, while capacity is the maximum number of elements it can store at a given instance of time.   | | | Q:| Can a vector contain heterogenous objects? | A:| Yes a Vector can contain heterogenous objects. Because a Vector stores everything in terms of Object. |   | | | Q:| Can a ArrayList contain heterogenous objects? | A:| Yes a ArrayList can contain heterogenous objects. Because a ArrayList stores everything in terms of Object. |   | | | Q:| What is an enumeration? | A:| An enumeration is an interface containing methods for accessing the underlying data structure from which the enumeration is obtained. We will write a custom essay sample on Ssks specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ssks specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ssks specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It is a construct which collection classes return when you request a collection of all the objects stored in the collection. It allows sequential access to all the elements stored in the collection. |   | | | Q:| Considering the basic properties of Vector and ArrayList, where will you use Vector and where will you use ArrayList? | A:| The basic difference between a Vector and an ArrayList is that, vector is synchronized while ArrayList is not. Thus whenever there is a possibility of multiple threads accessing the same instance, one should use Vector. While if not multiple threads are going to access the same instance then use ArrayList. Non synchronized data structure will give better performance than the synchronized one. |   | | | Q:| Can a vector contain heterogenous objects? | A:| Yes a Vector can contain heterogenous objects. Because a Vector stores everything in terms of Object. |   | Java Collections Interview QuestionsWhat is HashMap and Map? Map is Interface and Hashmap is class that implements this interface. What is the significance of ListIterator? OrWhat is the difference b/w Iterator and ListIterator? Iterator :  Enables you to cycle through a collection in the forward direction only, for obtaining or removing elementsListIterator :  It extends Iterator, allow bidirectional traversal of list and the modification of elementsDifference between HashMap and HashTable? Can we make hashmap synchronized? 1. The HashMap class is roughly equivalent to Hashtable, except that it is unsynchronized and permits nulls. (HashMap  allows null values as key and value whereas Hashtable doesn’t allow nulls). 2. HashMap does not guarantee that the order of the map will remain constant over time. 3. HashMap is non synchronized whereas Hashtable is synchronized. . Iterator in the HashMap is fail-safe while the enumerator for the Hashtable isnt. Note on Some Important Terms 1)Synchronized means only one thread can modify a hash table at one point of time. Basically, it means that any thread before performing an update on a hashtable will have to acquire a lock on the object while others will wait for lock to be released. 2)Fail-safe is relevant from the context of iterators. If an iterator has been created on a collection object and some other thread tries to modify the collection object structurally†, a concurrent modification exception will be thrown. It is possible for other threads though to invoke set method since it doesn’t modify the collection structurally†. However, if prior to calling set, the collection has been modified structurally, IllegalArgumentException will be thrown. HashMap can be synchronized byMap m = Collections. synchronizeMap(hashMap);What is the difference between set and list? A Set stores elements in an unordered way and does not contain duplicate elements, whereas a list stores elements in an ordered way but may contain duplicate elements. Difference between Vector and ArrayList? What is the Vector class? Vector is synchronized whereas ArrayList is not. The Vector class provides the capability to implement a growable array of objects. ArrayList and Vector class both implement the List interface. Both classes are implemented using dynamically resizable arrays, providing fast random access and fast traversal. In vector the data is retrieved using the elementAt() method while in ArrayList, it is done using the get() method. ArrayList has no default size while vector has a default size of 10. when you want programs to run in multithreading environment then use concept of vector because it is synchronized. But ArrayList is not synchronized so, avoid use of it in a multithreading environment. What is an Iterator interface? Is Iterator a Class or Interface? What is its use? The Iterator is an interface, used to traverse through the elements of a Collection. It is not advisable to modify the collection itself while traversing an Iterator. What is the Collections API? The Collections API is a set of classes and interfaces that support operations on collections of objects. Example of classes: HashSet, HashMap, ArrayList, LinkedList, TreeSet and TreeMap. Example of interfaces: Collection, Set, List and Map. What is the List interface? The List interface provides support for ordered collections of objects. How can we access elements of a collection? We can access the elements of a collection using the following ways: 1. Every collection object has get(index) method to get the element of the object. This method will return Object. 2. Collection provide Enumeration or Iterator object so that we can get the objects of a collection one by one. What is the Set interface? The Set interface provides methods for accessing the elements of a finite mathematical set. Sets do not allow duplicate elements. What’s the difference between a queue and a stack? Stack is a data structure that is based on last-in-first-out rule (LIFO), while queues are based on First-in-first-out (FIFO) rule. What is the Map interface? The Map interface is used associate keys with values. What is the Properties class? The properties class is a subclass of Hashtable that can be read from or written to a stream. It also provides the capability to specify a set of default values to be used. Which implementation of the List interface provides for the fastest insertion of a new element into the middle of the list? a. Vector   b. ArrayList . LinkedList d. None of the aboveArrayList and Vector both use an array to store the elements of the list. When an element is inserted into the middle of the list the elements that follow the insertion point must be shifted to make room for the new element. The LinkedList is implemented using a doubly linked list; an insertion requires only the updating of the links at t he point of insertion. Therefore, the LinkedList allows for fast insertions and deletions. How can we use hashset in collection interface? This class implements the set interface, backed by a hash table (actually a HashMap instance). It makes no guarantees as to the iteration order of the set; in particular, it does not guarantee that the order will remain constant over time. This class permits the Null element. This class offers constant time performance for the basic operations (add, remove, contains and size), assuming the hash function disperses the elements properly among the buckets. What are differences between Enumeration, ArrayList, Hashtable and Collections and Collection? Enumeration: It is series of elements. It can be use to enumerate through the elements of a vector, keys or values of a hashtable. You can not remove elements from Enumeration. ArrayList:  It is re-sizable array implementation. Belongs to List group in collection. It permits all elements, including null. It is not thread -safe. Hashtable:  It maps key to value. You can use non-null value for key or value. It is part of group Map in collection. Collections:  It implements Polymorphic algorithms which operate on collections. Collection:  It is the root interface in the collection hierarchy. What is difference between array ; arraylist? An ArrayList is resizable, where as, an array is not. ArrayList is a part of the Collection Framework. We can store any type of objects, and we can deal with only objects. It is growable. Array is collection of similar data items. We can have array of primitives or objects. It is of fixed size. We can have multi dimensional arrays. Array:  can store primitive  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ArrayList:  Stores object onlyArray:  fix size  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ArrayList:  resizableArray:  can have multi dimensionalArray:  lang   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ArrayList:  Collection frameworkCan you limit the initial capacity of vector in java? Yes you can limit the initial capacity. We can construct an empty vector with specified initial capacitypublic vector(int initialcapacity)What method should the key class of Hashmap override? The methods to override are equals() and hashCode(). What is the difference between Enumeration and Iterator? The functionality of Enumeration interface is duplicated by the Iterator interface. Iterator has a remove() method while Enumeration doesnt. Enumeration acts as Read-only interface, because it has the methods only to traverse and fetch the objects, where as using Iterator we can manipulate the objects also like adding and removing the objects. So Enumeration is used when ever we want to make Collection objects as Read-only. Collections Interview Questions| Q1) What is difference between ArrayList and vector? Ans: )1) Synchronization ArrayList is not thread-safe whereas Vector is thread-safe. In Vector class each method like add(), get(int i) is surrounded with a synchronized block and thus making Vector class thread-safe. 2) Data growth Internally, both the ArrayList and Vector hold onto their contents using an Array. When an element is inserted into an ArrayList or a Vector, the object will need to expand its internal array if it runs out of room. A Vector defaults to doubling the size of its array, while the ArrayList increases its array size by 50 percent. | Q2) How can Arraylist be synchronized without using Vector? Ans) Arraylist can be synchronized using:Collection. synchronizedList(List list)Other collections can be synchronized:Collection. synchronizedMap(Map map)Collection. synchronizedCollection(Collection c)| Q3) If an Employee class is present and its objects are added in an arrayList. Now I want the list to be sorted on the basis of the employeeID of Employee class. What are the steps? Ans) 1) Implement Comparable interface for the Employee class and override the compareTo(Object obj) method in which compare the employeeID2) Now call Collections. sort() method and pass list as an argument. Now consider that Employee class is a jar file. 1) Since Comparable interface cannot be implemented, create Comparator and override the compare(Object obj, Object obj1) method . 2) Call Collections. sort() on the list and pass comparator as an argument. | Q4)What is difference between HashMap and HashTable? Ans) Both collections implements Map. Both collections store value as key-value pairs. The key differences between the two are1. Hashmap is not synchronized in nature but hshtable is. 2. Another difference is that iterator in the HashMap is fail-safe while the enumerator for the Hashtable isnt. Fail-safe   aâ‚ ¬? if the Hashtable is structurally modified at any time after the iterator is created, in any way except through the iterators own remove method, the iterator will throw a ConcurrentModificationExceptionaâ‚ ¬? 3. HashMap permits null values and only one null key, while Hashtable doesnt allow key or value as null. | Q5) What are the classes implementing List interface? Ans) There are three classes that implement List interface: 1)  ArrayList  : It is a resizable array implementation. The size of the ArrayList can be increased dynamically also operations like add,remove and get can be formed once the object is created. It also ensures that the data is retrieved in the manner it was stored. The ArrayList is not thread-safe. 2)  Vector: It is thread-safe implementation of ArrayList. The methods are wrapped around a synchronized block. 3)  LinkedList: the LinkedList also implements Queue interface and provide FIFO(First In First Out) operation for add operation. It is faster if than ArrayList if it performs insertion and deletion of elements from the middle of a list. | Q6) Which all classes implement Set interface? Ans) A Set is a collection that contains no duplicate elements. More formally, sets contain no pair of elements e1 and e2 such that e1. equals(e2), and at most one null element. HashSet,SortedSet and TreeSet  are the commnly used class which implements Set interface. SortedSet   It is an interface which extends Set. A the name suggest , the interface allows the data to be iterated in the ascending order or sorted on the basis of Comparator or Comparable interface. All elements inserted into the interface must implement Comparable or Comparator interface. TreeSet   It is the implementation of SortedSet interface. This implementation provides guaranteed log(n) time cost for the basic operations (add, remove and contains). The class is not synchronized. HashSet:  This class implements the Set interface, backed by a hash table (actually a HashMap instance). It makes no guarantees as to the iteration order of the set; in particular, it does not guarantee that the order will remain constant over time. This class permits the null element. This class offers constant time performance for the basic operations (add, remove, contains and size), assuming the hash function disperses the elements properly among the buckets| Q7) What is  difference  between List and a Set? Ans) 1) List can contain duplicate values but Set doesnt allow. Set allows only to unique elements. 2) List allows retrieval of data to be in same order in the way it is inserted but Set doesnt ensures the sequence in which data can be retrieved. (Except HashSet)| Q8) What is difference between Arrays and ArrayList ? Ans) Arrays are created of fix size whereas ArrayList is of not fix size. It means that once array is declared as : 1. int [] intArray= new int[6]; 2. intArray[7]  Ã‚   // will give ArraysOutOfBoundException. Also the size of array cannot be incremented or decremented. But with arrayList the size is variable. 2. Once the array is created elements cannot be added or deleted from it. But with ArrayList the elements can be added and deleted at runtime. List list = new ArrayList(); list. add(1); list. add(3); list. remove(0) // will remove the element from the 1st location. 3. ArrayList is one dimensional but array can be multidimensional. nt[][][] intArray= new int[3][2][1];  Ã‚   // 3 dimensional array  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4. To create an array the size should be known or initalized to some value. If not initialized carefully there could me memory wastage. But arrayList is all about dynamic creation and there is no wastage of memory. | Q9) When to use ArrayList or LinkedList ? Ans)   Adding new elements is pretty fast for either type of list. For the ArrayL ist, doing   random lookup using get is fast, but for LinkedList, its slow. Its slow because theres no efficient way to index into the middle of a linked list. When removing elements, using ArrayList is slow. This is because all remaining elements in the underlying array of Object instances must be shifted down for each remove operation. But here LinkedList is fast, because deletion can be done simply by changing a couple of links. So an ArrayList works best for cases where youre doing random access on the list, and a LinkedList works better if youre doing a lot of editing in the middle of the list. | Q10) Consider a scenario. If an ArrayList has to be iterate to read data only, what are the possible ways and which is the fastest? Ans) It can be done in two ways, using for loop or using iterator of ArrayList. The first option is faster than using iterator. Because value stored in arraylist is indexed access. So while accessing the value is accessed directly as per the index. | Q11) Now another question with respect to above question is if accessing through iterator is slow then why do we need it and when to use it. Ans) For loop does not allow the updation in the array(add or remove operation) inside the loop whereas Iterator does. Also Iterator can be used where there is no clue what type of collections will be used because all collections have iterator. | Q12) Which design pattern Iterator follows? Ans) It follows Iterator design pattern. Iterator Pattern is a type of behavioral pattern. The Iterator pattern is one, which allows you to navigate through a collection of data using a common interface without knowing about the underlying implementation. Iterator should be implemented as an interface. This allows the user to implement it anyway its easier for him/her to return data. The benefits of Iterator are about their strength to provide a common interface for iterating through collections without bothering about underlying implementation. Example of Iteration design pattern Enumeration The class java. util. Enumeration is an example of the Iterator pattern. It represents and abstract means of iterating over a collection of elements in some sequential order without the client having to know the representation of the collection being iterated over. It can be used to provide a uniform interface for traversing collections of all kinds. | Q12) Is it better to have a HashMap with large number of records or n number of small hashMaps? Ans) It depends on the different scenario one is working on: 1) If the objects in the hashMap are same then there is no point in having different hashmap as the traverse time in a hashmap is invariant to the size of the Map. ) If the objects are of different type like one of Person class , other of Animal class etc then also one can have single hashmap but different hashmap would score over it as it would have better readability. | Q13) Why is it preferred to declare: ListString list = new ArrayListString(); instead of ArrayListString = new ArrayListString();Ans) It is preferred because: 1. If later on code needs to be changed from ArrayList to Vector then only at the declaration place we can do that. 2. The most important one – If a function is declared such that it takes list. E. g void showDetails(List list); When the parameter is declared as List to the function it can be called by passing any subclass of List like ArrayList,Vector,LinkedList making the function more flexible| Q14) What is difference between iterator access and index access? Ans) Index based access allow access of the element directly on the basis of index. The cursor of the datastructure can directly goto the n location and get the element. It doesnot traverse through n-1 elements. In Iterator based access, the cursor has to traverse through each element to get the desired element. So to reach the nth element it need to traverse through n-1 elements. Insertion,updation or deletion will be faster for iterator based access if the operations are performed on elements present in between the datastructure. Insertion,updation or deletion will be faster for index based access if the operations are performed on elements present at last of the datastructure. Traversal or search in index based datastructure is faster. ArrayList is index access and LinkedList is iterator access. | Q15) How to sort list in reverse order? Ans) To sort the elements of the List in the reverse natural order of the strings, get a reverse Comparator from the Collections class with reverseOrder(). Then, pass the reverse Comparator to the sort() method. List list = new ArrayList();Comparator comp = Collections. reverseOrder();Collections. sort(list, comp)| Q16) Can a null element added to a Treeset or HashSet? Ans) A null element can be added only if the set contains one element because when a second element is added then as per set defination a check is made to check duplicate value and comparison with null element will throw NullPointerException. HashSet is based on hashMap and can contain null element. | Q17) How to sort list of strings case insensitive? Ans) using Collections. sort(list, String. CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER);| Q18) How to make a List (ArrayList,Vector,LinkedList) read only? Ans) A list implemenation can be made read only using  Collections. unmodifiableList(list). This method returns a new list. If a user tries to perform add operation on the new list; UnSupportedOperationException is thrown. | Q19) What is ConcurrentHashMap? Ans) A concurrentHashMap is thread-safe implementation of Map interface. In this class put and remove method are synchronized but not get method. This class is different from Hashtable in terms of locking; it means that hashtable use object level lock but this class uses bucket level lock thus having better performance. | Q20) Which is faster to iterate LinkedHashSet or LinkedList? Ans) LinkedList. | Q21) Which data structure HashSet implementsAns) HashSet implements hashmap internally to store the data. The data passed to hashset is stored as key in hashmap with null as value. Q22) Arrange in the order of speed HashMap,HashTable, Collections. synchronizedMap,concurrentHashmapAns) HashMap is fastest, ConcurrentHashMap,Collections. synchronizedMap,HashTable. | Q23) What is identityHashMap? Ans) The IdentityHashMap uses == for equality checking instead of equals(). This can be used for both performance reasons, if you know that two different elements will never be equals and for preventing spoofing, where an object tries to imitate another. | Q24) What is WeakHashMap? Ans) A hashtable-based Map implementation with weak keys. An entry in a WeakHashMap will automatically be removed when its key is no longer in ordinary use. More precisely, the presence of a mapping for a given key will not prevent the key from being discarded by the garbage collector, that is, made finalizable, finalized, and then reclaimed. When a key has been discarded its entry is effectively removed from the map, so this class behaves somewhat differently than other Map implementations. QUESTIONS:1. You need to insert huge amount of objects and randomly delete them one by one. Which Collection data structure is best pet? Obviously, LinkedList. 2. What goes wrong if the HashMap key has same hashCode value? It leads to ‘Collision’ wherein all the values are stored in same bucket. Hence, the searching time increases quad radically. 3. If hashCode() method is overridden but equals() is not, for the class ‘A’, then what may go wrong if you use this class as a key in HashMap? Left to Readers. 4. How will you remove duplicate element from a List? Add the List elements to Set. Duplicates will be removed. 5. How will you synchronize a Collection class dynamically? Use the utility method  . |   | | |   | |

Carl Linnasus Life and Achievements. Essays

Carl Linnasus Life and Achievements. Essays Carl Linnasus Life and Achievements. Essay Carl Linnasus Life and Achievements. Essay Carl Linneaus is the best-known Swedish scientist across the globe. He has left his mark in many ways places baring his name and even parts of the moon have been named after him he is even depicted on Swedish banknotes. The reason for his fame and his stamp on scientific history known as the Linnaean era is for his ambition to catalogue, organise and name the whole natural world. He is most recognized as a botanist but was also a physician and a zoologist who laid the foundations for the current scheme of nomenclature. He is known as the father of modern taxonomy and is thought as one of the fathers of modern ecology. Although best known as a botanist his scientific achievements expand into the mineral world and zoology. Always being curios about the complete natural world since a young age he wanted to know the whole map of nature. This mapping is the name convention known as the â€Å"binary nomenclature† that he himself introduced. Linnaeus published rule-books on the criteria of the system and after initially some resistance it has become not to just control natural history but influences other fields of science. Linnaeus based his science on a firm terminology, which formulates the concept of species and sets the broad dimensions of natural history. For example humans in this system are known as Homo Sapiens and are the primates class of mammals and Mammalia are all concepts from Linnaeus. In the early eighteenth century scientific name for species were already in Latin but most were often long and awkward. Linnaeus’ idea was to divide nature into separate groups based on sharing physical characteristics. Firstly there were the three kingdoms of plants, animals and minerals. Kingdoms were then divided into classes and then orders which were then split into genera, then species. Since then a few other ranks have been added, most notably phyla or divisions between kingdoms and classes. Groups of organisms at any rank are now called taxa or taxonomic groups. Linnaus gave all the plants that were known at that time a simpler Latin name which was in two parts; known as binomial The first part being the genus then the species. He gave binomials names to animals five years later and between 1753 and his death he named thousands of plants and animals this way. The binomial system was then adopted by other scientists and became the standard way of naming organisms. Linnaeus was also a pioneer in definting the concept of â€Å"race†. He proposed that inside of Homo sapiens were four subcategories. These categories were, Americanus, Asiaticus, Africanus, and Europeanus and were based on originally place of orgin and then later on skin colour. Linnaesus’ influence upon science is huge. His system of classification allowed for clear and easy description of plants, animals, minerals and forms for the basis for modern classificiation. His species Plantarum and systema naturae provide the starting point for the nomenclature of plants and animals respectively. Linnaeus identified ecology as a distinctive area of investigation emphasising on the interrelationships in nature as the â€Å"economy of nature† he was also one of the first naturalists to describe food chains. Throughout Linnaeus’ life he was driven by a lust for a nature and a passion and desire to understand how it worked. Today his legacy still remains and is used by many dedicated scientists driven by the same thing.

Its Me vs It is I

Its Me vs It is I Its Me vs It is I Its Me vs It is I By Maeve Maddox Reader Ali Abuzar wants us to: elaborate the difference and usage of 1.It is me. 2.It is I. 3.This is me. 4.This is I. 5.This is Mr. XYZ. Items 1. and 2: It is me. It is I. Back in the 18th century, when scholars were fiercely debating English grammar in an effort to ascertain and fix it, one of the proposed rules relating to pronouns was that a pronoun in the nominative case (what we now call a subject pronoun) must follow a form of to be: It is I. It is we. It is they. This rule is based on a rule that exists in Latin. The existence of this rule in any language, however, does not prevent most English speakers from saying Its me. When someone phones me and says Is Maeve Maddox there? my response is always This is she. Thats the way my momma brought me up to answer the phone. She also taught me to say To whom do you wish to speak? However, in face to face conversation, Im much more likely to say Its me. Its me is idiomatic English. It is I is not. Thats not to say that the usage of to be followed by a nominative pronoun is either dead or deserves to be. Its just not used by all speakers on all occasions. Theres a familiar hymn whose chorus contains the line Here I am, Lord. Is it I, Lord? Writers of fiction often use the differing forms as character tags. Items 3. and 4: This is me. This is I. The only context for This is me that I can think of (except maybe in answering the telephone) would be in describing photos to another person: This is me the summer after I graduated. This is me when I joined the Marines. This is I would sound strange in this context. Item 5: This is Mr. XYZ. This is the normal construction for such a statement. Ex. This is the author of my favorite novel. This is Mr. Biceps, my gym teacher. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:4 Types of Gerunds and Gerund PhrasesAt Your Disposal90 Verbs Starting with â€Å"Ex-†

Coursework for Critical and Postmodern Theories of Organizations Essay

Coursework for Critical and Postmodern Theories of Organizations - Essay Example critical ideas have offered scepticism regarding the moral defensibility and the social and ecological sustainability of prevailing conceptions and forms of management in an organization. The critical ideas have focussed much on the social injustice and environmental destructiveness of the social and economic systems that managers and firms serve and reproduce hence changing the way the managers behave. In determination of how critical ideas have changed the way managers behave in an environment, I have to analyze a critical communication theory. A critical communication theory was developed to ensure that financial health and stability of a corporation while increasing the representation of the employees and their human interests. The proponents of critical ideologies explain the difference between managerial control and co-determination. They argue that strategy of managers is the overt managerial move to extend control. In this sense, employers try to put their employees in a set routine without the employees realizing it hence this restricts the employees and doesn't allow them to express their feelings or thoughts (Alvesson 1996). In this theory, it is argued that consent is the convert control without objection hence it is where the employees know about the routine and realize they are working in an environment that restricts them but does it willingly or at least for understandable reasons. On the other hand, involvement is the free expression of ideas and these ideas come from the corporation and its managers. They argue that the employees are involved only because they want to make sure their grievances are heard and managers see this as a chance for the employees to blow off some steam. However, the voice of the employees can only be heard when they go from involvement to participation hence participation is where employees have a chance to speak their minds and ideas. They argue that it is only through this that the employees can take pride in their work and have company loyalty (Horrocks, 2009). From the above, it is obvious that a manager who adopts these ideas would include the employees in the decision making of the company since he would want to avoid publicity through anti- management riots and media focus. The ideals in this theory are more socialist as opposed to capitalist hence if a manager adopts them; employees would determine much how the company works. Therefore a critical theory approach explores ways to ensure financial health of institutions while also increasing the representation of diverse human interests. From this, organizations are regarded as political as well as financial institutions. These ideas also show how communication practices often distort decision- making within institutions. These ideas have made the managers to change their behaviours in the way they carry out their managerial responsibilities. The theory has also considered the corporate colonization of everyday life through intrusive prese nce of big corporations, concentration in a few brands, media pre occupation with corporate health more than indices of social health and a decrease in the quality of life. This theory thus

SQL Training Course Experience Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

SQL Training Course Experience - Research Paper Example However, the primary difference between all these SQL training alternatives is the quality of education and price tag (SQLCourse, 2011). Recently I got experience of attending tutorial of SQL Course named â€Å"Interactive Online SQL Training for Beginners†. I got an amazing experience of learning through this course. I got a lot of knowledge and experience through this course. The feature of any course is the ease and quality of knowledge that course can offer. In this scenario SQL Course has offered all aspects of ease and learning to me. This SQL Course has offered the way to learn SQL language through simple interpretation of knowledge areas. This course has also offered a deep and detailed knowledge and explanation of terms. For me it was really amazing experience to attend such course in my life. In addition, every SQL training course option has its own advantages and issues. For instance, the trainer led courses have the benefit of real time communication with the teach er and hands-on SQL training. Alternatively they are extremely costly and not everyone will be willing to spend thousands of dollars in learning structured query language. Additionally, if someone can improve their business to pay for similar SQL course, do not miss the chance. However, the course we have attended was extremely easy and less costly. This has offered us an opportunity to learn how to manage a database in a better way. This course has also helped us improve our previous concepts, knowledge and skills (SQLCourse, 2011). Moreover, this exclusive preliminary SQL tutorial not simply offered us easy-to-understand SQL statements and instructions; however it allowed us to complete practical assignments of what we learned from SQL interpreter. We have received instant outcomes following submitting our SQL commands. This course has taught us how to create tables and apply the commands of insert, select, delete, update and drop into the tables. This SQL course at present suppor ts a division of ANSI SQL. The fundamentals of every SQL command will be enclosed in this course. In this way we have gained a deep and comprehensive overview of all the knowledge areas and expertise. This course has made us believe that we can be able to get a great deal of SQL expertise in small time period. I hope in future this course will improve and enhance our professional skill and capabilities for the potential improvements of our business and personal life. I say good lock to all my fellows in this course and have a nice and blessing future (SQLCourse, 2011). References SQLCourse. (2011). Welcome to SQLCourse.com! Retrieved September 10, 2011, from http://www.sqlcourse.com/intro.html Paper 2 Because of growing globalization, companies are managing worldwide supply chains through information technology. Information technologies (especially internet) have initiated new marketplace prospects. Additionally, the needs for improved efficiency and growing costs force from worldwi de competition have initiated just-in-time production and assembly. In addition, the business areas of trucking industry, that move over three quarters of the nation’s freight, has had to become accustomed to accomplish the demands to travel freight consistently, on time and with superior visibility. In this scenario, the information techn

“Hedda Gabler” by Henrik Ibsen and the 19th Century Marriage Essay Example for Free

â€Å"Hedda Gabler† by Henrik Ibsen and the 19th Century Marriage Essay Marriage in the 19th century was a social and economic matter, rather than a matter of personal relationship. The morals of the era, including family morals, are often associated with the Victorian England, where they revealed themselves in the most ultimate and form, yet especially this kind of attitude towards marriage dominated throughout Europe. The hypocrisy of the 19th century marriage, which caused countless lives to be broken and countless people to be unhappy, inspired many prominent writers like Oscar Wild, Gustave Flaubert, Honore de Balzac, Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoyevsky to refer to the motifs of protest against such state of things. Yet Henrik Ibsen is unique even in this society, he concentrates on the named subject in virtually every of his famous plays. One of those plays is â€Å"Hedda Gabler† first published in 1890. In this paper I will attempt to analyze Ibsen’s play in the context of the XIX century marriage, as well as the effect the play itself had on the social perception of family ties. I will argue that Ibsen managed to demonstrate how frustrating a hypocritical marriage can be and what a disastrous consequences it can cause not only for the married women, but for every person involved in the relation. I will further argue that the play can be viewed as Ibsen’s contribution to change of the entire social idea of the place of a woman in a family. Ibsen himself wrote that The title of the play is Hedda Gabler. I intended to indicate thereby that as a personality she is to be regarded rather as her fathers daughter than as her husbands wife. Here Ibsen refers to the key problem of marriage in the 19th century. A woman has not played any independent role in it. She has always been viewed as â€Å"belonging to some man†, whether it is her father, brother or husband. Correspondingly, she had no opportunity to develop her own life and turned out to be a toy in the hands of men, being entirely dependent on them in social and economic aspects . In Hedda’s case she is either a daughter of a general, or a wife of an academic. But what is worse, she is dependent not only socially, but even mentally. She does not seem to be very clever, yet this does not mean that she lacks character. At her first approach Ibsen stresses her â€Å"pale and opaque† face and that â€Å"her steel-grey eyes express a cold, unruffled repose† . She is no way a foolish maiden dreaming only of lavish and careless life, throughout the play she often acts as a person of firm will, yet of a bad, or rather undeveloped character. This personal underdevelopment includes both narrow outlook and lack of moral principles. Perhaps she has been taught everything possible about morals, but a person of her type would rather act in contrary to imposed principles. Hedda really â€Å"belongs† to her husband and she is constantly reminded of that. This makes her desire for power even stronger, as she demonstrates more and more masculine features as the play develops. Unwilling to accept the feminine stereotypes of behavior Hedda plays with her father’s pistols perhaps more to shock and confuse her family, because handling arms is surely not a proper thing for a young lady. Yet the play with the pistols is still comparatively innocent. It appears that Hedda plays her own game with the society. Her relatives treat her as an obedient toy, so Hedda starts using them as toys in turn. This is a game of arrogance and indifference. Hedda makes snobbish remarks to the surrounding people, insults Aunt Julie’s new hat. The game gradually becomes more and more dangerous, and ends with two suicides. It seems that in this game Hedda makes little difference between a hat and Lovborg’s life. What the world has given to Hedda that Hedda returns to the world, and in case her dreams of luxurious existence are ruined, she can ruin the world in turn. The dependent position of a woman in marriage is naturally followed by another aspect of 19th century marriage – restriction of a woman. Ibsen embodied this social barrier in the repeated image of a glass door. The barrier is easy to be removed or broken, which she â€Å"nervously† walks to, but which she never opens, dying inside the claustrophobic space of the house. A question might arise here why Hedda at all married Jorgen Tesman whom she never loved and whom she openly neglected? The most obvious answer is that Hedda was in need of money, since her fathers only heritage was a good name. Tesman was an acceptable choice to her. He is considerably prosperous, his scientific prospects look perfectly, his name is noble, and, what is most important, his character is not very strong, so Hedda can easily control him. What is less obvious is Hedda’s desire to revenge Lovborg who failed to meet her hopes. Whether consciously or not, Hedda is making her way towards actual murder and suicide from the very beginning of the play. Although even in the 19th century the declared ground of marriage was love, Hedda cries to the Judge not to â€Å"use this sickening word† . She has crossed out her dreams of love and she does not want even to remember them. However, Hedda at least has an idea of love and passions, while her husband has none. As Hedda married Tesman of convenience, so Tesman did to Hedda. He is attracted both by her origin and by her beauty, while her death impresses him in a strange way: â€Å"Shot herself! Shot herself in the temple! Fancy that! †. This last phrase shows his real attitude. He never loved Hedda, and his primary concern was his own social position which he hoped to improve with a good marriage and an image of a beautiful wife. In fact there are no good or bad characters in the play, no victims and no executioners. Hedda is often blamed as a â€Å"snobbish, mean-spirited, small-minded, conservative, cold, bored, vicious. Shes sexually eager but terrified of sex; ambitious to be bohemian but frightened of scandal; a desperate romantic fantasist but unable to sustain any loving relationship with anyone, including herself† . This all can be true, but other characters are not better. The basic defect of the situation is that men and women surrounding Hedda are completely unable to see her as a personality outside of her social position. To the last they believe that Hedda would act in the â€Å"accepted way†, whether it is Tesman who views his wife as a pretty doll or Judge Brack who blackmails Hedda to enter into the family and probably force Hedda to a love affair believing that Hedda would act as a women in hopelessness, in other words obey . Brack is surprised with Hedda’s rebelliousness against the rule and asks: â€Å"Are you so unlike the generality of women as to have no turn for duties? † . But what Hedda does not want to hear about are duties. In this company even Lovborg causes little compassion. An miserable alcoholic who almost ruined his talent saved not due to his own effort, but due to a woman, he is unable even to die in the way Hedda has determined, and his suicide looks ridiculous. Being finally cornered by the circumstances Hedda decides to commit suicide herself. All of her dreams are ruined, she is now convinced that nobody loves her, her dreams of freedom, luxury and passions appeared to be mirages. She is unable to dominate even in the situation she has herself created. Hedda realizes that she is not a romantic hero but a simple wife of an academic, she is imprisoned and powerless. Her possible motherhood can only aggravate her despair, for a child shall be born from a man she does not love, and childbirth will make her even more helpless and dependent. Thus suicide looks as a natural resort for her. There is an another strong social allusion in the play. Lovborg and Mrs. Elvsted use to label Loveborg’s manuscript as a child, so burning a manuscript is a similar to child murder. When Hedda kills herself she kills her prospective children, as well as ruins her husband’s reputation thus doing two things he is afraid of. She commits suicide out of escapist intents but it is also a revenge to her husband, Brack, relatives and the whole world where such hypocritical marriage is possible. â€Å"Hedda Gabler† caused an ambiguous reaction of the public ever since premiere. The responses differed from calling it â€Å"Ibsens greatest play and the most interesting woman that he has created† to the devastating characteristic by George Bernard Show who emotionally observed: â€Å"What a marvel of stupidity and nonsense the author did produce in this play! It is incredible to think that only a score of years ago the audience sat seriously before its precious dullness†. American newspapers added oil to the flame of critique. The Philadelphian Ledger wrote after the American premiere â€Å"What a hopeless specimen of degeneracy is Hedda Gabler! A vicious, heartless, cowardly, unmoral, mischief-making vixen†. Yet I would emphasize a characteristic that remains actual until now. It has been provided by Justin Huntly McCarthy who wrote of the â€Å"he most interesting woman that he has created she is compact with all the vices, she is instinct with all the virtues of womanhood† . The debate has not ceased over the years. Hedda became a favored character in the feminist movement, the play has been staged in numerous interpretations, including even lesbian one. However such public interest is the best proof of the fact that Ibsen hit the nail. â€Å"Hedda Gabler† is a play about fatal marriage. It starts with return of Hedda from her wedding journey and ends with the beginning of her final journey. However, Ibsen managed to generalize his subject and make his play a story of woman place in the society. 19th century marriage did left little space for female existence in the world dominated by males. That what the play is actually about. The motif of domination is revealed throughout the play and it is not always possible to say who, except for faulty customs dominates the situation. After all Tesman is unable to control even himself, and Hedda can not take the leading positions in the family due to social restrictions. Death is her protest. Perhaps it would not be too general to say that Ibsen wrote not only of physical death of his character but of a spiritual death of womanhood in the 19th century marriage. Works Cited: 1. Ibsen, Henrik. Hedda Gabler. Digireads. com, 2005. 2. Coontz, Stephanie. Marriage, a History: How Love Conquered Marriage. New York: Penguin Books, 2006. 3. Templeton, Joan. Ibsen’s Women. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. 4. Eyre, Richard. â€Å"Femme fatale. Richard Eyre would like to apologise to Ibsen for doubting the greatness of Hedda Gabler†. The Guardian. 5 Mar. 2005. 21 April 2009 http://www. guardian. co. uk/stage/2005/mar/05/theatre 5. Sanders, Tracy. Lecture Notes: Hedda Gabler Fiend or Heroine. Australian Catholic University, 2006. 21 April 2009 http://dlibrary. acu. edu. au/staffhome/trsanders/units/modern_drama/hedda_gabler. html

Kurt Vonneguts Who Am I This T Essay -- essays research papers

Growing up we learn the importance of many different things. Of all these things, we have learned that being accepted into society, forming friendships, and loving someone are very important to us. In Kurt Vonnegut’s short story, “Who Am I This Time?';, we see through the experiences of Helene Shaw that by shutting ourselves off from others around us we can miss out on some of the most important things in life. Many things are important to us, one of these is being accepted by our society. We all hate to be the outsider or the new kid, because we feel alone and secluded . In “Who Am I This Time?';, Helene Shaw’s job kept her moving to a different town every eight weeks. She became very cold to her surroundings in order to ease the transition from ...

Is the Destruction of the Amazon Rainforest a price Worth Paying for Brazil’s Economic development?

The tropical rainforest is undoubtly one of the most fascinating biomes located around the world. These ecosystems are located over eighty five countries near the equator and one of the most prominent rainforest is known the Amazonia. The Amazon Rainforest not only situated over many countries including Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana but it is also known to be home of over 50% of the Earth's species and approximately one third of the world's tree grows in Amazonia. The rainforest has been estimated to cover seven million square kilometres and at least forty thousand plant species have been classified, which makes the Amazon rainforest a resourceful bio diverse ecosystem. This biodiversity and large land has attracted potential companies, especially from Brazil to take advantage of the Amazon Rainforest. Although Brazil is one of the world's fastest developing countries and the richest country in South America, it is still considered as a middle income ‘LEDC' [Less Economically Developed Country] and its rapid population growth has increased the demand for natural resources. Brazil has remains to solve these problems by the deforestation of the precious Amazon Rainforest. Deforestation can be defined as the removal of the forest stands for human activities, such as agriculture and unfortunately, already 25% of the Amazon Rainforest has been cleared in 40 years and 40 hectares is being cleared per minute. At this rate, the Amazonia will be gone in 30 years! Is the destruction of the Amazon Rainforest a price worth paying for? The Amazonia is famous for being the largest and more diverse ecosystem on Earth. Almost everyday, there are new species being discovered and the rainforest is the habitat to some of the most essential plants to the medical world, for example, the rosy periwinkle which is known to provide drugs to help cure leukaemia. The diverse ecosystem is caused indirectly by the location of the rainforest. The centre of the Amazon Rainforest is located near and on the equatorial line. This means that the Amazonia receives concentrated amount of sun rays, making the rainforest very hot. The equatorial location means that the temperature of the climate is very high and constant with twelve hours of sunshine. Usually, the morning temperature can reach up to 32iC and in the evening, it rarely goes below 22iC. The high concentration of the sun rays absorbed by the Earth also encourages conventional rainfall daily. This is when the land gets real hot, that the warm air around it gets enough energy to rise. As the warm air rises, it gets cooled by the atmosphere because it is much colder the higher you travel. The cooled air then condenses into clouds and later heavy rainfalls. Due to daily conventional rainfalls, the Amazon rainforest is a wet, humid area as well as being hot. The Amazon rainforest has two seasons: the dry season between June to December and wet season from January to May, when May can have a rainfall of around 259 mm. The abiotic factors, the non living features of earth like the sun, cause the Amazon Rainforest to have a very warm and humid climate, also known as a tropical climate. The biotic factors, the living factors of an ecosystem like plants, are just as important as the climate in maintaining the tropical rainforest. The diagrams on the next page show how vital plant life is to support the other plants in the ecosystem. After a plant dies or leaves fall to the forest floor, decomposers in the soil break down the dead matter into humus. Humus is important to forest land chemically and physically. Humus can increase the amount of moisture a soil holds and can help the soil have a better structure. Humus also acts as a catalyst because it has actives sites that help produce nutrients. The more nutrients a soil has, the better a plant would be able to grow and survive. This also shows why deforestation endangers the ecosystem. The second cycle illustrates shows that when trees are cleared away, causing less leaves and dead organisms to decay onto the soil, less humus is produced. This cause there to be fewer nutrients because more was taken away from the plant than returned back to the soil as the tree was removed. Fewer nutrients means that the soil is less fertile than originally, so new plants grow with a weaker quality and less chance of surviving. This encourages soil erosion because there no trees to protect the soil from being moved away. Brazil has the eighth largest economy in world and is the wealthiest in its continent. Unfortunately, the country can only be considered as a NIC [newly developed country] or LEDC and is still located under the Brandt line. The Brandt line is a ‘socio-economic' line that divides the more economically developed countries, the north, from the less economically developed countries, the south. This is understandable because the social and economics indicators are considerably low, especially compared to the UK. Economic Social Country GNP Per Capita ($) Birth Rate Death Rate Natural Increase Life Expectancy Population Per Doctor Brazil 3 640 22 7 15 68 1 000 UK 18 700 12 11 1 77 300 Figure 2: This table shows the measure of development in the year 2000. Figure 2 expands on Brazil and UK's indicators of development. It shows that in the year 2000 that the natural increase of the population of Brazil, which the government has to support the demands of, was fifteen times larger than the UK. The NIC also has quite a low life expectancy and the people in England are likely to live approximately 9 years longer than Brazilians. This may be due to the fact that Brazil's education system is quite low for an NIC; its adult literacy rate is 84%, compared to the UK's 99%. This means that there are fewer professional workers such as doctors and engineers, which causes of there being only one doctor per thousand people. The chart also shows the Gross Nation Product [GNP] per Capita [per person]. The value of GNP per Capita can be described as the total value of services and goods produced by a country in a year divided by the residents of the country. The GNP includes the residents of the country living abroad and excludes non-residents of a country. Another common measure of economical wealth is the Gross National Product [per capita], which can be defined as the total value of services and goods produced divided the people in the country that year. The GNP and GDP are similar, the only difference they have is who they think the ‘capita' is, which means that the value of GNP and GDP are very similar. Figure 2 shows that the GNP is significantly low as it is nearly five times smaller than the value of UK's GNP. However, Brazil has shown a rapid increase of GNP and GDP. In the year 2006, Brazil's GDP per capita was $8,800, and then it increased by $900 to $9,700. This is evidence that Brazil's economy is growing. The United Nation uses the Human Development Index [HDI] to measure development. It was created in 1990, but was initially used three years later, because it combines social and wealth indicators to produce a more insightful measure of development. The HDI looks at the three factors of human progress: ==> A long healthy life [measured by life expectancy] => Education and Knowledge [measured by adult literacy and years spent in school] ==> Standard of living [measured by GDP per capita] Each of the three factors are given a ‘score' from 0. 000 [worst] to 1. 000 [best], which can be worked out through calculations according to each factor, then the average of the three scores gives the country its HDI. The countries can be also ranked according to their HDI. Figure 3 shows that there has been, although small, change in Brazil's HDI. In the data published in 2005, Brazil was ranked 63rd with a HDI of 0. 92 and then in the data published in 2007, it was awarded with a HDI of 0. 800 even though it moved down 7 ranks. A HDI value is just about considered as ‘high' and it shows that Brazil has reasonable standard of living. The data also shows that Brazil is in competition for other countries for better human development because it is going down in ranks although it is becoming more industrialised. Brazil must continue developing both socially and economically to be considered as an average MEDC. Brazil's rapid advancement is all due to trade. In 2006, Brazil had import value was $91. 4 billion while it had exported $137. 8 billion worth of goods. The country had gained approximately 150. 8% of its import and means that Brazil experiences trade surpluses, which is when the money from exports is greater than money from imports. The government can spend the extra money on education, medical health care and building the citizens of Brazil. Brazil has plantations that produce vegetation that are able to grow in tropical climates. These exported crops include soy beans, coffee, cocoa and sugar cane. The industries of Brazil have grown noticeably well and 74% of Brazil's goods are [semi] manufactured such as transport equipment, footwear, coffee, autos. There are also quite a few cattle ranches in Brazil which provide beef in MEDC, especially USA. Figure 4 shows that 23% of all occupations are primary jobs, work that deals with collection or producing natural resource from the earth, 24% are secondary activities, work to do with manufacturing and 53% have tertiary jobs that deal with providing services. Approximately one quarter of Brazilians have primary sector careers because they do not require a lot of skills, so majority of the population can do it, and Brazil has excellent resources for land and wood. However, a majority of jobs are in the tertiary sector because Brazil has a rising population, so there must be enough services to satisfy the demanding population, and Brazil is a popular tourist spot, so some jobs are created by tourism such as tour guides. One third of Brazil's GDP comes from the countries assorted range of industries. 4% of workers are employed in the manufacturing sector and these people work in automobile, air craft, steel, petrochemicals other durable good factories. The LEDC has to import goods such as machinery, electrical and transport equipment, chemical products, oil, automotive parts, and electronics for its industries. The Amazon rainforest is under threat from the increasing rate of deforestation. Most of the land deforested is being used by Brazil's industries. Trees in the rainforest, such as mahogany, have been cut down so they can be exported or used for construction or furniture making. Not all the plants cleared are used in the industries; some are wasted to make land for cattle ranches. These large cattle ranches usually have contracts with American fast food chains, so the restaurants can buy the beef cheaply. The Amazon rainforest also has the perfect temperature for growing tropical crops, so farmers use the forest land as pasture to grow sugar canes, soy beans, and coffee beans. The beef and crops can be exported to MEDCs as trade goods. The Amazonia is also rich in bauxite, rock containing aluminium, so there have been large mining operations. The aluminium are then extracted from the bauxite and then used in industries. Mr. Enriquez, Chief of the Trombetas Bauxite Mine explained that ‘the bauxite [they] mine is used in Brazil and sold to rich countries around the globe. It is used to make aluminium, which is used in aircrafts, production, soft drink cans and hundreds of other products. ‘ However, mining involves digging up the land and changing its landscape; it is to be expected that mining would ruin the soil and the plants in the Amazon. Mr Enriquez also said ‘However, it is inevitable that some rainforest will be destroyed in large scale extraction of raw materials. Mining of this kind is of vital national importance to the Brazilian economy. The sale pf bauxite and iron core brings billions into Brazil and creates hundreds of thousands of jobs. ‘ Although Mr. Enriquez is defending his organization, it is true that mining creates jobs, especially for unskilled people, and that it brings money into the country. Brazil is the fifth most populous country. Its growing population and those suffering under poverty are forced to live in favela, which are small, cramped houses with limited sewage and electricity made from scrap building materials. The government has made a new policy to provide land for homeless Brazilians to prevent shanty town conditions. The land provided comes from the clearings of Amazon rainforest. The people are expected to live in the forest and have deal with their own farm. Pedro, a pioneer settler, participated in the scheme because he was destitute. Although he was hoping for a reasonable life, Pedro was unable to continue living in the forest. He said â€Å"It is very remote in the forest and once I had cleared my land the soil fertility declined so growing crops is not easy. † Pedro was considering moving to the city like most work seekers. This shows that the government scheme was not success for everyone and that clearing away the land for homes was not a good idea because people had no knowledge on farming and trade. Amerindians are known as the first people who have used the Amazon Rainforest's raw materials. They live in houses called ‘malocas' and they are dependent on the rainforest resources. Amerindians use the method of shifting cultivation as a way of farming and living in the Amazon Rainforest, they live in one area of the forest and farm there until the fertility and production of the soil has declined, which can last for five years. The Amerindians then leave the area for another and continue farming there so the previous area can recover its fertility. Unfortunately, when the Europeans discovered the Amazon Rainforest and its resources, the Amerindians were in danger. A Tukano Indian explained that when the ‘outsides begun to destroy' the forest, their tribe had to go deeper into the forest for their own safety or give up their lifestyle to live on reservations. It is unethical to sacrifice the life of a whole community for land and profit, especially of a community that helped the forest as well depending on it, unlike companies which just extract resources. If the rate of deforestation continues, Amerindians would have to give up their way of life by either being killed in the process or by being forced to move. Brazil's organizations have to understand that deforestation comes with consequences. All ecosystems are delicate and each species of plant and animals depend on each other for food, shelter, reproduction and if one species is harmed than others will be harmed too like a water ripple. Deforestation directly affects trees in the Amazon rainforest. Cutting down and exporting trees can make some species of hardwood plants to be vulnerable to extinction, for example, mahogany is a popular timber used for furniture however if the deforestation continues, mahogany may become scarce. Logging also takes away the habitats of Amazon's animals, giving them a less chance of survival and killing them. Majority of Amazon's plants have not been discovered, so there may be a species of plant out there that can made into drugs to cure feared illnesses, such as Aids and cancer. Deforestation contributes directly and indirectly to extinction of thousands of unknown species. Deforestation also stops the humus/ nutrient cycle from continuing. Since the tree is taken down before it can die or shed leaves to decay, the decomposers do not have any dead matter to break down the so the nutrients taken from tree cannot be returned. As there will be fewer nutrients in the soil than before, the soil will become less fertile and the tree plants in the soil after will develop weaker than the initial tree. The weaker tree would then be broken down, and the process will repeat until the soil is too infertile to produce any vegetation. There would be no roots or plants to hold the roots together, which would cause increase in soil erosion. Soil erosion is the movement of soil, and deforestation can cause excessive erosion, because there are no plants or trees to protect the soil, and this process may cause flooding and then difficulty in farming as the landscape has changed and the water will be too saturated for some vegetation. Deforestation can also cause a more dramatic change, like desertification, if trees are being cut in a rapid rate. Like animals and humans, trees also respire as well as photosynthesize, so the pores of the leaves give out water vapour to the atmosphere, so with the decreasing number of trees, the lack of water vapour in the atmosphere can encourage desertification. Another effect of deforestation is global warming. Trees are the number one source of reducing carbon dioxide because they take it in for photosynthesis and produce less carbon dioxide for the reactions than they took in. Burning trees not stops the reduction of carbon dioxide, but it also contributes because some of the plants cut are burned. Burning trees release more carbon dioxide and contribute to global warming. Also, Amazonia is considered to be the source of over 20% of the world's oxygen, as product of photosynthesis, and the forest has been described as ‘lungs of the earth'. Therefore, deforestation indirectly causes an increase in pollution and decrease in oxygen. The problem of deforestation can be solved by using sustainable methods of extracting and educating both the companies and people about how delicate the ecosystem is. A sustainable method is one that satisfies the needs of the present population without compromising the need of the future generation. A common technique used to preserve ecosystems is by establishing National Parks and Forest Reserves to protect untouched part of the forest. These reserves may depend on both the government and charity and will make sure that the protected areas are kept as natural as possible while educating people about the importance of foliage in the rainforest. Laws on companies extracting raw materials from the Amazon rainforest must be made stricter than before. Logging grants should only be available to those who plant the same number of trees they cut down, which is a sustainable method, so there no loss in the number of trees. The timber trade companies should also be restricted by reducing trades of endangered plants. Also, any organizations that burn a large amount of trees should be warned that they must reduce the mass burnings so they do not contribute to global warming. Any companies that do not obey the law and does not help preserve the Amazon Rainforest should be heavily fined. If the government wants to continue their scheme to send dispossessed Brazilians to the forest, they should educate them about how to keep their soil fertile by keeping foliage and natural compost, so they will be able to manage a small farm. In conclusion, Amazon rainforest's location has caused to have a constantly hot climate with a wet and dry season. The rainforest is densely population with trees and other plants species and is home to around 50% of the world's animals and plants. The rainforest is a vital resource for plants that are used as drugs for serious illness like leukaemia. However, Brazil has been using the rainforest to extract raw materials for export, land for cattle ranch and to provide land for homeless Brazilians. These exports have caused Brazil to experience trade surpluses that help develop the country. Unfortunately, deforestation is affecting more than just Brazil. The rate of deforestation is contributing to global warming and taking away a huge source of oxygen and potential medical plants. The destruction of the Amazon Rainforest is not a price worth paying for Brazil's economic development because it is putting the earth in danger too. The only way to slow down the results deforestation is by sustainable methods such as planting back the trees and teaching people the importance of foliage.